How are nanomaterials typically tested for toxicity?

Nanomaterials are typically tested for toxicity by using a combination of in vitro and in vivo assays, which allow researchers to evaluate their effects at the cellular and organism levels. In vitro assays involve testing on cell cultures to assess factors such as cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, and the mechanisms of action at a cellular level. This method provides insights into how nanomaterials interact with biological systems without the ethical and practical concerns associated with animal testing.

In vivo assays entail testing in live organisms, which helps to evaluate the overall biological responses, the bioaccumulation of nanomaterials, and their potential to induce toxic effects in a complete biological context. This includes observing changes in health, behavior, and physiological processes, reflecting how nanomaterials could affect humans and other animals when exposed.

Together, these methods enable a comprehensive evaluation of the safety and health implications of nanomaterials, thereby contributing to the responsible development and use of nanotechnology in various applications.